Dot Net Interview Questions in Dot Net Framework

              Dot Net Interview Questions in Dot Net Framework it consists of set of interview questions which grabs the All levels from Initial Level to High Level definitely it covers the potential stuff to all my viewers.

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1.What is .Net?

A).Net is a framework tool is used to build dynamic distributed computing type of applications.It is introduced by microsoft so we can termed it as MS.Net.

                                                                                          (or)

.NET is an integral part of many applications running on Windows and provides common functionality for those applications to run.

2.What is Network?

A)A Network is a group of computer systems together.Networks can be divided into many types according to their connecting environment.

3.List the different types of networks?

A)Generally networks can be classified into four Types they are.

1.    Local Area Network(LAN)

2.    Metropolitian Area Network(MAN)

3.    Wide Area Network(WAN)

4.    Enterprise Area Network(EAN)

4.What is LAN?

A)A Network limited to small geographical location at a single place is known as LAN.Lan Can be Divided into two types they are.

1.    Campus Area Network(CAN)

2.    Home Area Network(HAN)

E.G:Network Present in School,College,Office etc…

5.What is MAN?

A)A Network limited to single city and its sub-urban places is known as MAN.

           E.G:Citi Cable Network.

6.What is WAN?

A)Network which has no limit in the universe is known as WAN.

7.What is EAN?

A)There are 2 categories available in this Intranet,Extranet

Intranet:Network limited to group of single organizations located at places in internet.

E.g:Banking Network

Extranet:Network limited to group of organizations located at various place is known as extranet.

EG:ATM Network

8.What are Different types of network computing?

A)We have different types of network computing.They are:

1.    Centralized Computing

2.    Client-Server Computing.

3.    Distributed Computing.

9.What is Centralized Computing?

A)All computers in the network are connected to server are client.These cleints are known as dumb terminal because it doesnot have processor,RAM,Harddisk,Operating System.

10.What is Client Server Computing?

A)All computers are connected centrally locating server similar to centralized computing but client are known as smart  or intelligent terminals because every client contains all the resources like processor,Ram,Harddisk,Operating System etc…

11.What is Distributed Computing?

A)In Distributed Computing logic code of an application that is to be executed is divided among many mechanisms in the network,to complete the execution at faster rate and to provide the flexibility.After completion of execution result will be integrated.

12.Is Ms.Net is a Programming language?

A)No.It is not a programming Language.It is a framework tool.

13.How many Languages Ms.Net Supports?

A)Ms.Net supports 63 Programming Languages up to 2010.Out of which 9 languages are microsoft supportable programming languages.

14.List .Net Supportable Programming languages?

A)Ms.Net Supports Nine Programming languages.They are:

1.    Visual C#.Net

2.    Visual Vb.Net

3.    Visual C++.Net

4.    Visual J#.Net

5.    Visual F#.Net

6.    Visual  Jscript.Net

7.    Iron Phython

8.    Iron Robous

9.    Windows Powersheel

15.What is an appilication ?

A)Set of programs is used to fulfill the needs of an end user is known as appilication.Appilication can be broadly divided into ThreeTypes.

16.What are the different types of appilications?

A)Appilications can be categorized into Three types.They are

1.    Window Based Appilications

2.    Web Based Appilications

3.    Mobile Based Applications

17)When Ms.Net Announced?

A) Bill Gates delivered a keynote at Forum 2000, held June 22, 2000, outlining the .NET 'vision'. The July 2000 PDC had a number of sessions on .NET technology, and delegates were given CDs containing a pre-release version of the .NET framework/SDK and Visual Studio.NET.

18)What are the Versions of MS.Net?

A) The following table correlates .NET Framework, CLR, and Visual Studio versions and provides a brief review of each version. Note that Visual Studio provides multi-targeting, so you are not limited to the version of the .NET Framework that is listed.

.Net Framework Version	IDE	Description
4.5.1 Preview	Visual Studio 2013 Preview	Includes performance and debugging improvements, support for automatic binding redirection, and expanded support for Windows Store apps.
4.5	Visual Studio  2012	Included an updated version of CLR 4, support for building Windows Store apps, and updates to WPF, WCF, WF, and ASP.NET.
4.0	Visual Studio  2010	Introduced a new version of the CLR, expanded base class libraries, and new features such as the Managed Extensibility Framework (MEF), dynamic language runtime (DLR), and code contracts.
3.5	Visual Studio  2008	Added new features such as AJAX-enabled websites and LINQ. The SP1 update added Dynamic Data, and a small set of additional enhancements.
3.0	Visual Studio  2005	This version is essentially .NET Framework 2.0 with the addition of Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), Windows Communications Foundation (WCF), Windows Workflow Foundation (WF), and CardSpace. It was updated with SP1 and SP2.
2.0	Visual Studio  2005	Introduced a new version of the CLR with additions to the base class libraries, including generics, generic collections, and significant additions to ASP.NET. This version was updated with SP1 and SP2.
1.1	Visual Studio .NET 2003	Included updates to ASP.NET and ADO.NET. This version was subsequently updated twice, with Service Pack 1 (SP1) and SP2. This version also introduced side-by-side execution, which enables apps on a single computer to run against multiple versions of the CLR.
1.0	Visual Studio .NET	Contained the first version of the CLR and the first version of the base class libraries.

19)In which operating system Ms.Net supports?

A) Some versions of the .NET Framework are installed automatically with the Windows operating system, but other versions must be installed separately. The following table identifies the installed and supported versions of the .NET Framework for client operating systems.

Client Operating System	Includes	Install
Windows 8.1 Preview	.Net Framework 4.5.1 Preview	.Net Framework 3.5 SP1
Windows  8	.NET Framework 4.5	.Net Framework 4.5.1 SP1 Preview, .Net Framework 3.5 SP1
Windows 7 SP1	.NET Framework 3.5 SP1	.NET Framework 4.5.1 Preview, .NET Framework 4.5, .NET Framework 4
Windows Vista SP2	.NET Framework 3.0 SP2	.NET Framework 4.5.1 Preview, .NET Framework 4.5, .NET Framework 4, .NET Framework 3.5 SP1
Windows XP Professional and Windows XP Home Edition	-------	.NET Framework 4, .NET Framework 3.5 SP1, .NET Framework 2.0 SP2

20)What is Visual Studio.Net?

A) Visual Studio .NET is a complete set of development tools for building ASP Web applications, XML Web services, desktop applications, and mobile applications. Visual Basic .NET, Visual C++ .NET, Visual C# .NET, and Visual J# .NET all use the same integrated development environment (IDE), which allows them to share tools and facilitates in the creation of mixed-language solutions.

21)What is .Net Framework ?

A) .NET Framework provides a comprehensive and consistent programming model for building applications that have visually stunning user experiences and seamless and secure communication.

22)Explain the features of .Net Framework?

A) The .NET Framework is a technology that supports building and running the next generation of applications and XML Web services. The .NET Framework is designed to fulfill the following objectives:

Ø  To provide a consistent object-oriented programming environment whether object code is stored and executed locally, executed locally but Internet-distributed, or executed remotely.

Ø  To provide a code-execution environment that minimizes software deployment and versioning conflicts.

Ø  To provide a code-execution environment that promotes safe execution of code, including code created by an unknown or semi-trusted third party.

Ø  To provide a code-execution environment that eliminates the performance problems of scripted or interpreted environments.

Ø  To make the developer experience consistent across widely varying types of applications, such as Windows-based applications and Web-based applications.

Ø  To build all communication on industry standards to ensure that code based on the .NET Framework can integrate with any other code.

23) What is .Net Frame work Class Library?

A. The .NET Framework class library is a library of classes, interfaces, and value types that provide access to system functionality. It is the foundation on which .NET Framework applications, components, and controls are built.

24) What are the Components in .Net Framework?

A) Ms.Net Framework contains the following components. They are:

1.    CLR(Common Language Runtime)

                      i.        CLS(Common Language Specification)

                     ii.        CTS(Common Type System)

                    iii.        GC(Garbage Collector)

                   iv.        JIT(Just In time)Compiler

       2. BCL (Base Class Library) Or FCL(Frame Work Class library)

25) What is CLR?

A) Acronym For CLR is Common Language Run Time. The .NET Framework provides a run-time environment called the common language runtime, which runs the code and provides services that make the development process easier.

Compilers and tools expose the common language runtime's functionality and enable you to write code that benefits from this managed execution environment. Code that you develop with a language compiler that targets the runtime is called managed code; it benefits from features such as cross-language integration, cross-language exception handling, enhanced security, versioning and deployment support, a simplified model for component interaction, and debugging and profiling services.

26)What is CLS?

A)Acronym for CLS is Common Language Specification.Every programming language will have some syntactical rules used to write the code which is known as language specification.In managed code execution process .net  supports many programming languages.This language specification of clr is common to all programming language of managed code execution of .net and is known as CLS(Common Language Specification).

27)What is Managed Code?

A) Managed code is code written in one of over twenty high-level programming languages that are available for use with the Microsoft .NET Framework, including C#, J#, Microsoft Visual Basic .NET, Microsoft JScript .NET, and C++. All of these languages share a unified set of class libraries and can be encoded into an Intermediate Language (IL). A runtime-aware compiler compiles the IL into native executable code within a managed execution environment that ensures type safety, array bound and index checking, exception handling, and garbage collection.

28)What is Unmanaged Code?

A)Code that has written before development of .Net for which MSIL is not available is not executed by the  CLR directly,rather CLR redirects the code to OS for execution which is known as unmanaged code.Code execution process is known as unmanaged code execution.

29)what is Language Interoperability?

A)Providing code execution support that has been written in other programming language is known as language interoperability.

30)What is CTS?

A)Acronym for CTS is Common Type System defines  how types  are system defines how types are declared, used, and managed in the common language runtime, and is also an important part of the runtime's support for cross-language integration.

31) List the functions of CTS?

A)  CTS offers  the following functions:

Ø  Establishes a framework that helps enable cross-language integration, type safety, and high-performance code execution.

Ø  Provides an object-oriented model that supports the complete implementation of many programming languages.

Ø  Defines rules that languages must follow, which helps ensure that objects written in different languages can interact with each other.

Ø  Provides a library that contains the primitive data types (such as Boolean, Byte, Char, Int32, and UInt64) used in application development.

32) How many types in .Net Framework?

A).Net Framework consists of two types. They are

Ø  Value Types

Ø  Reference Types

33)Define Value types?

A) Value types are data types whose objects are represented by the object's actual value. If an instance of a value type is assigned to a variable, that variable is given a fresh copy of the value.

                                                      (or)

The types which directly stores the data into their memory locations is known as value types.

E.G:int a=12

34)Define Reference types?

A) Reference types are data types whose objects are represented by a reference (similar to a pointer) to the object's actual value. If a reference type is assigned to a variable, that variable references (points to) the original value. No copy is made.

                                                          (or)

The types which donot store the data directly into their memory locations rather refers to other memory locations is known as reference types.

E.G: object o=10

35) List different categories of types that supports by MS.Net Framework?

A).Net supports five categories of types. They are:

Ø  Classes

Ø  Structures

Ø  Enumerations

Ø  Interfaces

Ø  Delegates

      36)What is the difference between value types and reference types?

A)

Sno	Value Types	Reference Types
1	Stores the value directly into their memory locations	It Stores the other Memory location where value is stored
2	Memory is alloted at Compile Time	Memory is allotted at Run Time
3	Memory allocation is made with in the stack  i.e in contiguous memory locations	Memory allocation is made with in the heap i.e. in Random Memory Locations.
4	CLR does not provide Automatic Memory Management	CLR provides Automatic Memory Management

37) What is Automatic Memory Management?

A) Automatic memory management is one of the services that the common language runtime provides during Managed Execution. The common language runtime's garbage collector manages the allocation and release of memory for an application.

38)What  is Garbage Collector?

A) .NET garbage collector provides a high-speed allocation service with good use of memory and no long-term fragmentation problems.

39) What is the nature of Garbage Collector?

A) Garbage collector will divide complete managed heap into three generations internally named as

Ø  Generation 0

Ø  Generation 1

Ø  Generation 2

40) Define Generation?

A)A generation is a portion of memory from the managed heap. Maximum number of generations allowed is only three. In general always generation 2 memory size is bigger than the generation 1 memory size and generation 1 memory size is bigger than the generation 0 memory size. This can be represented as             Gen0<Gen1<Gen2

41) What is JIT Compiler?

A) Acronym for JIT is Just In Time Compiler. JIT compilation converts MSIL to native code on demand at application run time, when the contents of an assembly are loaded and executed. Because the common language runtime supplies a JIT compiler for each supported CPU architecture, developers can build a set of MSIL assemblies that can be JIT-compiled and run on different computers with different machine architectures.

42)What are the different types of  JIT Compiler?

A).Net Supports three types of JIT Compilers are there.They are:

1.    Normal Jitter

2.    Echono Jitter

3.    Pre Jitter

43)What is Normal Jitter?

A) Normal-JIT compiles only those methods that are called at runtime.These methods are compiled the first time they are called, and then they are stored in cache. When the same methods are called again, the compiled code from cache is used for execution.

44)What is Echono Jitter?

A) Econo-JIT compiles only those methods that are called at runtime.However, these compiled methods are removed when they are not required.

45)What is Pre Jitter?

A) Pre-JIT compiles complete source code into native code in a single compilation cycle. This is done at the time of deployment of the application.

46)What is Base Class Library?

A)Base Class Libraries are building blocks of applications or programs of .net. Base Class Libraries are designed by Microsoft.Without these cannot write any code with in the .net.

47)Where Base Class Libraries are located in pc’s?

A)Physical Location of Base Class Libraries is

Ø  Root drive:\OS Folder\assembly Folder i.e

Ø  CKwindows\assembly

48)What is DLL?

A)Acronym for DLL is Dynamic Link Library. A DLL is a library that contains code and data that can be used by more than one program at the same time. For example, in Windows operating systems, the Comdlg32 DLL performs common dialog box related functions. Therefore, each program can use the functionality that is contained in this DLL to implement an Open dialog box. This helps promote code reuse and efficient memory usage.

                                                                          (Or)

A Dll is a dynamic library cannot run itself,used as a supportive file to other applications.The Library functions are linked to the application at runtime (Dynamically) so the name is Dll.

49)What are the advantages of DLL?

A)DLL has the following advantages.They are:

Ø  Uses Fewer Resources

Ø  Promotes modular architecture

Ø  Eases deployment and installation

50)What is Uses Fewer Resources?

A) When multiple programs use the same library of functions, a DLL can reduce the duplication of code that is loaded on the disk and in physical memory. This can greatly influence the performance of not just the program that is running in the foreground, but also other programs that are running on the Windows operating system.

51)What is Promotes modular architecture?

A) A DLL helps promote developing modular programs. This helps you develop large programs that require multiple language versions or a program that requires modular architecture. An example of a modular program is an accounting program that has many modules that can be dynamically loaded at run time.

52)What is Eases deployment and installation?

A) When a function within a DLL needs an update or a fix, the deployment and installation of the DLL does not require the program to be relinked with the DLL. Additionally, if multiple programs use the same DLL, the multiple programs will all benefit from the update or the fix. This issue may more frequently occur when you use a third-party DLL that is regularly updated or fixed.

53)What is DLL Dependencies?

A) When a program or a DLL uses a DLL function in another DLL, a dependency is created. Therefore, the program is no longer self-contained, and the program may experience problems if the dependency is broken.

54)What  are the types of DLLs?

A) When you load a DLL in an application, two methods of linking let you call the exported DLL functions. The two methods of linking are listed below.They are

Ø  Load-time dynamic linking and

Ø  Run-time dynamic linking.

55)What is Exe?

A)Exe is executable file and is not a supportive file rather itself an application.An Exe will cannot an entry point (main function) so runs individually.

56)What is the differences between Dll and Exe?

Sno	DLL	Exe
1	Can not run Individually	Runs Individually
2	It used as supportive file for other applications	Itself an application
3	It Does not contain an Entry Point	Contains an Entry Point(Main Function).So Can run individually
4	A Program/Application with out main creates a DLL after compilation	A Program/Application with Main creates an Exe after compilation
5	OS does not create a separate process for any DLL rather DLL will run in the same process created for an exe	OS Creates a separate process for each exe it executes.

57)What is Assembly?

A) An assembly is a logical unit of functionality that runs under the control of the .NET common language runtime (CLR). An assembly physically exists as a .dll file or as an .exe file. However, internally an assembly is very different from a Microsoft Win32 DLL.

58)What are the entities in Assembly?

A) An assembly file contains an assembly manifest, type metadata, Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code, and other resources. The assembly manifest contains the assembly metadata that provides all the information that is required for an assembly to be self-describing. The following information is included in the assembly manifest:

Ø  Assembly name

Ø  Version information

Ø  Culture information

Ø  Strong name information

Ø  The assembly list of files

Ø  Type reference information

Ø  Referenced and dependent assembly information

The MSIL code that is contained in the assembly cannot be directly executed. Instead, MSIL code execution is managed through the CLR. By default, when you create an assembly, the assembly is private to the application. To create a shared assembly requires that you assign a strong name to the assembly and then publish the assembly in the global assembly cache.

59)What is Self-describing?

A) When you create an assembly, all the information that is required for the CLR to run the assembly is contained in the assembly manifest. The assembly manifest contains a list of the dependent assemblies. Therefore, the CLR can maintain a consistent set of assemblies that are used in the application. In Win32 DLLs, you cannot maintain consistency between a set of DLLs that are used in an application when you use shared DLLs.

60)What is Versioning?

A) In an assembly manifest, version information is recorded and enforced by the CLR. Additionally, version policies let you enforce version-specific usage. In Win32 DLLs, versioning cannot be enforced by the operating system. Instead, you must make sure that DLLs are backward compatible.

61)What is Side-by-side deployment?

A) Assemblies support side-by-side deployment. One application can use one version of an assembly, and another application can use a different version of an assembly. Starting in Windows 2000, side-by-side deployment is supported by locating DLLs in the application folder. Additionally, Windows File Protection prevents system DLLs from being overwritten or replaced by an unauthorized agent.

62)What is self-containment and isolation?

A) An application that is developed by using an assembly can be self-contained and isolated from other applications that are running on the computer. This feature helps you create zero-impact installations.

63)What is Execution?

A) An assembly is run under the security permissions that are supplied in the assembly manifest and that are controlled by the CLR.

64)What is Language Independent?

A) An assembly can be developed by using any one of the supported .NET languages. For example, you can develop an assembly in Microsoft Visual C#, and then use the assembly in a Microsoft Visual Basic .NET project.

65)What are the benefits of Assembly?

A) Assemblies are designed to simplify application deployment and to solve versioning problems that can occur with component-based applications.

End users and developers are familiar with versioning and deployment issues that arise from today's component-based systems. Some end users have experienced the frustration of installing a new application on their computer, only to find that an existing application has suddenly stopped working. Many developers have spent countless hours trying to keep all necessary registry entries consistent in order to activate a COM class.

Many deployment problems have been solved by the use of assemblies in the .NET Framework. Because they are self-describing components that have no dependencies on registry entries, assemblies enable zero-impact application installation. They also simplify uninstalling and replicating applications.

66)What is Namespace?

A) Namespace has two basic functionality :-

Ø  NameSpace Logically group types, example System.Web.UI logically groups our UI related features.

Ø  In Object Oriented world many times its possible that programmers will use thesame class name.By qualifying NameSpace with classname this collision is able to be removed.

67) What is Difference between NameSpace and Assembly?

A)Following are the differences between namespace and assembly :

Ø   Assembly is physical grouping of logical units. Namespace logically groups classes.

Ø   Namespace can span multiple assembly.

68)What is Versioning Problems?

A) There is no way to maintain consistency between sets of components that are built together and the set that is present at run time.

69)What is DLL HELL?

A) Previously (when using VB) we can have a situation that we have to put same name dll file in a single directory , but the dlls are of different versions. This is known as dll hell.

70)Define Assembly Contents?

A)In general,a static  assembly can consist of four elements:

Ø  The assembly manifest, which contains assembly metadata.

Ø  Type metadata.

Ø  Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code that implements the types.

Ø  A set of resources.

71)What  is Assembly Manifest?

A) Every assembly, whether static or dynamic, contains a collection of data that describes how the elements in the assembly relate to each other. The assembly manifest contains this assembly metadata. An assembly manifest contains all the metadata needed to specify the assembly's version requirements and security identity, and all metadata needed to define the scope of the assembly and resolve references to resources and classes. The assembly manifest can be stored in either a PE file (an .exe or .dll) with Microsoft intermediate language (MSIL) code or in a standalone PE file that contains only assembly manifest information.

72)What is Meta Data?

A)Metadata is binary information describing your program that is stored either in a CLR poratable executable(PE) file or in memory.When a compiler produces MSIL,it also produces metadata.

73)What Metadata decribes?

A)Types in code including the definition of each type the signature of each types members the members that your code references and other data that the runtime uses at exeution time.

74)What are the functions of Assembly Maniest?

A)Assembly Manifest lists the following functions.They are:

Ø  Enumerates the files that make up the assembly.

Ø  Governs how references to the assembly's types and resources map to the files that contain their declarations and implementations.

Ø  Enumerates other assemblies on which the assembly depends.

Ø  Provides a level of indirection between consumers of the assembly and the assembly's implementation details.

Ø  Renders the assembly self-describing.

75)What is GAC?

A)Acronym for GAC is Global Assembly Cache. Each computer where the common language runtime is installed has a machine-wide code cache called the global assembly cache. The global assembly cache stores assemblies specifically designated to be shared by several applications on the computer.

76)What is Strong Name Assemblies?

A) A strong name consists of the assembly's identity—its simple text name, version number, and culture information (if provided)—plus a public key and a digital signature. It is generated from an assembly file (the file that contains the assembly manifest, which in turn contains the names and hashes of all the files that make up the assembly), using the corresponding private key. Visual Studio can assign strong names to an assembly. Assemblies with the same strong name are expected to be identical.

77)What is Assembly Versioning?

A) All versioning of assemblies that use the common language runtime is done at the assembly level. The specific version of an assembly and the versions of dependent assemblies are recorded in the assembly's manifest.

78)Define MSIL?

A)Acronym for MSIL is Microsoft Intermediate Language.A Language used as the output of a number of compilers and as the input to a just-in-time(JIT) compiler.The Common Language runtime include a JIT Compiler for converting MSIL to native code.

79)List MSIL Includes?

A)MSIL includes the following:

Ø  Instructions for loading,storing,initializing,and calling methods on objects.

Ø  Instructions for arithmetic and logical operations.

Ø  Instructions for Control flow.

Ø  Instructions for Direct Memory Access.

Ø  Instructions for Exception handling.

Ø  Instructions for and other operations.

80)How to Create an Assembly in c#?

A) The following are the steps to create a private assembly (by default all assemblies are private)

 using Visual C# 2005 Express Edition.

Select File->New Project

From Templates, select Class Library

Enter name CounterLibrary

A class library is created using a single class Class1

Rename class to Counter and add the following code.

namespace CounterLibrary

{    public class Counter    {

        protected int v = 0;

        public Counter(int v)

        {

            this.v = v;

        }

        public int Value

        {

            get

            {

                return v;

            }

        }

    }

}

81)How many Types of Assemblies?

A)There are 5 types of assemblies.

82)List the types of Assemblies?

A) There are 5 types of assemblies.They are:

1.    Private Assembly

2.    Public  Assembly

3.    Static  Assembly

4.    Dynamic  Assembly

5.    Satellite  Assembly

83)Define Private Assembly?

A) A private assembly is used only by a single application, and is stored in that application's install directory (or a subdirectory therein). By contrast, a private assembly name need only be unique withinthe application that uses it.

84)What is Public Assembly or Shared Assembly?

A)If an assembly is copied in to a global place and the reference of the assembly is used from all other application then the assembly is known as public or global assembly.

85)What is Static Assembly?

A) Static Assemblies can include .NET types (interfaces and classes), as well as required resources for the assembly (bitmaps, JPEG files, resource files, and so on). Static assemblies are stored on disk in PE files.

86)What is Dynamic Assembly?

A)Dynamic Assemblies are one which run directly from memory and are not saved to disk before execution. They can be saved to disk after they have executed.

87)What is satellite Assembly?

A)Satellite assemblies are used to build multilingual applications.It provides the culture information to build an application supportive for multiple languages.

88)What is Multilingual applications?

A)Application which has built in supportive of more than one human readable language like English,Hindi,Telugu,Japanese,Chinese etc is known as multilingual appilications.To build multilingual appilication we need to gather the information known as culture information

89)What is culture information?

A)Information that belongs to particular region or local or culture is known as culture information.

90)List the Contents of culture information?

A)Culture information consists of following contents.They are:

Ø  Regional Language.

Ø  Regional Time.

Ø  Regional Metric System.

Ø  Regional Currency etc…

91)What is Strong Name?

A) Strong name is the unique name used to identify the assembly in GAC.A strong name consists of the assembly's identity—its simple text name, version number, and culture information (if provided)—plus a public key and a digital signature.

92)What is the tool used for creating Strong Name?

A)Sn.Exe is a tool used for creating Strong Name

93)How can make any assembly as public?

A)Following  steps emphasizes of creating an assembly as public.

1.    Build the Strong Name for the assembly.

2.    Signing of the assembly.

3.    Copy the assembly into GAC.

94)How can make any assembly as private?

A) A global assembly is a public assembly that is shared by multiple applications. Unlike private assembly, a global assembly is not copied to bin directory of each application that references it. Global assembly instead is placed in GAC (Global Assembly Cache) and it can be referenced anywhere within the system. So only one copy is stored, but many applications can use that single copy.Build the Strong Name for the assembly.

In order to convert a private assembly to global assembly, we have to take the following steps.

1.    Create a strong name

2.    Associate strong name with assembly

3.    Place assembly in GAC

95) What is signing of assembly?

A) Following steps gives the signing of assembly. They are

Ø  Copying the key file path in to the assembly is known as signing of the assembly.

Ø  Signing can be done at design time and also at run time.

Ø  If signing is made at runtime it is known as delay signing.

96)What is the syntax for creating Building the Strong Name?

A)Sn.exe –k key file name.snk.

     Key File will have a default extension of .snk(means Strong Name Key)

97)How can we Create Strong Name?

A) Any assembly that is to be placed in GAC, must have a strong name. Strong name is a combination of public key and private key. The relationship between public and private keys are such, given one you cannot get the other, but any data that is encrypted with private key can be decrypted only with the corresponding public key.

Take the following steps to invoke SN (Strong Name) tool to create strong name.

Go to command prompt using Microsoft .NET Framework SDK v4.0 -> SDK Command prompt

Go to c:\csharp\counterlibrary folder and enter the following command.

sn -k  veerendra.key

The above command writes private and public key pair into veerendra.key file.

98)How can we copying the Assembly in to GAC?

A)It is not possible to copy the assembly directly in to GAC.It consists of two tools.They are

Ø  MS Windows Installer 3.1

Ø  GAC util.exe

99)Explain the steps for MS Windows Installer 3.1?

A)This tool is operating system tool and will work with GUI mode.

100)Explain the steps for GAC util.exe?

A) This is .Net framework tool and will work with CUI mode.

Following syntax is used to copy assembly in to GAC.

Gacutil.exe –I assembly name.

E.G:Gacutil.exe –I a.dll

a.dll is copied in to GAC.

To delete assembly from the GAC we use

Gacutil.exe –u assembly name

E.G: Gacutil.exe –u a.dll

a.dll is delete from GAC.

101) What does 'managed' mean in the .NET context?

A)The term 'managed' is the cause of much confusion. It is used in various places within .NET, meaning slightly different things.

Managed code: The .NET framework provides several core run-time services to the programs that run within it - for example exception handling and security. For these services to work, the code must provide a minimum level of information to the runtime. Such code is called managed code.

Managed data: This is data that is allocated and freed by the .NET runtime's garbage collector.

Managed classes: This is usually referred to in the context of Managed Extensions (ME) for C++. When using ME C++, a class can be marked with the __gc keyword. As the name suggests, this means that the memory for instances of the class is managed by the garbage collector, but it also means

more than that. The class becomes a fully paid-up member of the .NET community with the benefits and restrictions that brings. An example of a benefit is proper interop with classes written in other languages – for example, a managed C++ class can inherit from a VB class. An example of a restriction is that a managed class can only inherit from one base class.

102) what is the difference between a private assembly and a shared assembly?

A)

Location and visibility: A private assembly is normally used by a single application, and is stored in the application's directory, or a subdirectory beneath. A shared assembly is normally stored in the global

assembly cache, which is a repository of assemblies maintained by the .NET runtime. Shared assemblies are usually libraries of code which many applications will find useful, e.g. the .NET framework classes.

Versioning: The runtime enforces versioning constraints only on shared assemblies, not on private assemblies.

103) how do assemblies find each other?

A)By searching directory paths. There are several factors which can affect the path (such as the AppDomain host, and application configuration files), but for private assemblies the search path is normally the application's directory and its sub-directories. For shared assemblies, the search path is normally same as the private assembly path plus the shared assembly cache.

104) Is it true that objects don't always get destroyed immediately when the last reference goes away?

A)Yes. The garbage collector offers no guarantees about the time when an object will be destroyed and its memory reclaimed.

105) What is reflection?

A)All .NET compilers produce metadata about the types defined in the modules they produce. This metadata is packaged along with the module (modules in turn are packaged together in assemblies), and can be accessed by a mechanism called reflection. The System.Reflection namespace contains classes that can be used to interrogate the types for a module/assembly.

106) What is difference between shared and public?

A)An assembly that can be referenced by more than one application. An assembly must be explicitly built to be shared by giving it a cryptographically strong name.

107) What is namespace used for loading assemblies at run time and name the methods?

A)System.Reflection

108) How do you enforce garbage collection in .NET?

A)System.GC.Collect();

109)What is Boxing?

A)Boxing is the process  of converting a variable from value type reference type.

            int a = 10;

            object o;

            o = a;

110)What is Unboxing?

A)UnBoxing is the process of converting variable from reference type to value type.

E.G:        int b;

            object p=20;

            b = (int)p;

111)What is PE File?

A)Acrontym for PE is Program Executable.PE File contains the MSIL and metadata that is based on and extends the published microsoft PE and common object file format (COFF) used historically for executable content.PE stands for Portable Executable File.Format of PE is COFF(Common object file format).

112)What is COFF?

A)Acronym for COFF is Common Object File Format.COFF is proprietary of microsoft i.e only microsoft applications can understand COFF format.

113)How can we create a PE File?

A)PE file can be create by using a tool.Tool used to generate PE file is ILASM.exe (Intermediate Language Assembler).PE File can be created at Compile Time/at Run Time.

114)What are the advantages of COFF?

A)COFF file format which accommodates MSIL or native code as well as metadata,enables the operating system to recognize CL images.The presence of metadata in the file along with the MSIL enables your code to describe itself which means that there is no need for type libraries or interface defination language.The runtime and extracts the metadata from the file as needed during execution.

115)What is ILDASM?

A) The contents of an assembly may be viewed using the ILDASM tool, that comes with

the .NET SDK or the Visual Studio.NET. The ildasm.exe tool may also be used in the command line compiler.

116)Can Garbage Collector control the activities of a thread?

A) Garbage collection is a heap-management strategy where a run-time component takes responsibility for managing the lifetime of the memory used by objects. This concept is not new to .NET - Java and many other languages/runtimes have used garbage collection

for some time. The garbage collector runs periodically. It runs through a list of objects that are currently being referenced by an application. All objects that it does not find during this search are ready to be destroyed (using the finalize method) and hence free the memory. However, the runtime gets notified of the object that has been destroyed, only in the next round of the garbage collector's periodic cycle.

In the class System.GC, there is a method called collect( ). This forces the garbage collector to collect all unreferenced objects immediately, thereby giving the developer some control over the garbage collector.

There is a gcConcurrent setting that can be set through the applications's .config file. This specifies whether or  not the garbage collector performs its activities on a specified thread or not.

117)What is CAS in .NET?

A) Acronym for CAS  is Code Access Security.CAS is the part of the .NET security model that determines whether or not code is allowed to run, and what resources it can use when it is running. For example, it is CAS that will prevent a .NET web applet from formatting your hard disk.

118)What is a class attribute in .NET?

A) Class Attributes is a kind of property attached with a class. It allows some data

to be attached to a class or method. This data becomes part of the metadata for the class, and (like other class metadata) can be accessed via reflection. An example of a metadata attribute is [serializable], which can be attached to a class and means that instances of the class can be serialized.

              [Serializable]

             Public Class SampleClass

              (  ...  )

119)What is a Globalization in .Net?

A)Globalization refers to the process with which an application or software is

designed and developed so as to make it run across all platforms and all sites with minimum or no modification to the software application. The software is very easy to customize so as to suit to the location-specific conditions and it is also capable of providing information based on the varied inputs and the location-specific operating system.

120)What are the process in Globalization?

A) There are two processes in Globalization and they are

Ø  customisation or localisation

Ø  internationalizing